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''Madama Butterfly'' (; ''Madame Butterfly'') is an opera in three acts (originally two) by Giacomo Puccini, with an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. The opera is based in part on the short story "Madame Butterfly" (1898) by John Luther Long, which in turn was based partially on stories told to Long by his sister Jennie Correll and partially on the semi-autobiographical 1887 French novel ''Madame Chrysanthème'' by Pierre Loti.〔Van Rij, Jan. (''Madame Butterfly: Japonisme, Puccini, and the Search for the Real Cho-Cho-San'' ). Stone Bridge Press, Inc., 2001.〕〔Lane Earns, ("''Madame Butterfly'': The Search Continues" ), ''Opera Today'' 16 August 2007. Review of Van Rij's book on operatoday.com〕〔Chadwick Jenkins, ("The Original Story: John Luther Long and David Belasco" ) on columbia.edu〕 Long's version was dramatized by David Belasco as a one-act play, ''Madame Butterfly: A Tragedy of Japan'', which, after premiering in New York in 1900, moved on to London, where Puccini saw it in the summer of that year. The original version of the opera, in two acts, had its premiere on 17 February 1904 at Teatro alla Scala in Milan. It was poorly received, despite such notable singers as soprano Rosina Storchio, tenor Giovanni Zenatello and baritone Giuseppe De Luca in its lead roles; this was due in part to a late completion by Puccini, and thus inadequate time for rehearsals. Puccini revised the opera, splitting Act II into two (with the Humming Chorus as a bridge to what became Act III) and making other changes. Success ensued, starting with the first performance, on 28 May 1904 in Brescia. Between 1915 and 1920, Japan's best-known opera singer Tamaki Miura won international fame for her performances as Cio-Cio-san. ("Butterfly" is ''chōchō'' in Japanese; ''san'' is a plain honorific.) A memorial to this singer, along with one to Puccini, can be found in the Glover Garden in the port city of Nagasaki, where the opera is set. ''Madama Butterfly'' is a staple of the operatic repertoire around the world, ranked 6th by Operabase; Puccini's ''La bohème'' and ''Tosca'' rank 3rd and 5th.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url= http://operabase.com/top.cgi?lang=en#opera )〕 == Production history == Puccini wrote five versions of the opera; the original two-act version,〔Richard S Bogart and Mark D Lew, (eds.) (Version 1: Cast of characters and libretto (in Italian) ), 1904 G. Ricordi & C. and Boosey & Co. and Breyer Hermanos, 403 pp〕 which was presented at the world premiere at La Scala on 17 February 1904, was withdrawn after the disastrous premiere. Puccini then substantially rewrote it, this time in three acts. This second version〔Richard S Bogart and Mark D Lew, (eds.) (Version 2 (Brescia, 1904): Cast of characters and libretto (in Italian) ), 1904 G. Ricordi & C. and Boosey & Co. 399 pp〕 was performed on 28 May 1904 in Brescia, where it was a great success. It was this second version that premiered in the United States in 1906, first in Washington, D.C., in October, and then in New York in November, performed by Henry Savage's New English Opera Company (so named because it performed in English-language translations). In 1906, Puccini wrote a third version,〔Richard S Bogart and Mark D Lew, (eds.), (Version 3: (American, 1906). Cast of characters and libretto in Italian and English ), 1906 Milano: G. Ricordi & C. 279 pp〕 which was performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. In 1907, Puccini made several changes in the orchestral and vocal scores, and this became the fourth version,〔Richard S Bogart and Mark D Lew, (eds.), (Version 4 (Paris, 1907): Cast of characters and libretto in Italian and English, with editors' notes ), 1907 Milano: G. Ricordi & C. 266 pp〕 which was performed in Paris. In 1907, Puccini made his final revisions to the opera in a fifth version,〔Mark D Lew, (Version 5: (The "Standard Version") ), 1907 G. Ricordi & C.: New York – Milan – Rome – Naples – Palermo – London – Paris – Leipsig – Buenos Ayres – S. Paulo. 266 pp〕〔(History of all versions on opera.stanford.edu )〕 which has become known as the "Standard Version" and is the one which is most often performed around the world. However, the original 1904 version is occasionally performed as well. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Madama Butterfly」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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